Embolic strokes of undetermined source in the Athens Stroke Registry: a descriptive analysis. Embolic strokes of undetermined source in the Athens Stroke Registry: an outcome analysis. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: a systematic review and clinical update. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: JACC review topic of the week.
The Acute STroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL): design and baseline analysis of an ischemic stroke registry including acute multimodal imaging. The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. The Stroke Data Bank: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. The pilot Stroke Data Bank: definition, design, and data.
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Classification of subtypes of ischemic stroke: history of the trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment classification. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Infarcts of undetermined cause: the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. This article is the original description and definition of the concept of ESUS. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. In this Review, we discuss the evidence produced since the concept of ESUS was introduced, and propose updates to the criteria and diagnostic algorithm in light of the latest knowledge. The neutral results of the trials of anticoagulation and insights into ESUS from research conducted since the concept was introduced warrant reassessment of the ESUS construct as a research concept and a treatment target. Neither NOAC was superior to aspirin in these trials, although subgroups of patients with ESUS seemed to benefit specifically from anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. On this basis, two large randomized trials were conducted to compare the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) dabigatran and rivaroxaban with aspirin. A hypothesis that underpinned this concept was that most strokes in patients with ESUS are caused by embolic events, perhaps many cardioembolic, and that anticoagulation would prevent secondary ischaemic events.
To address this problem, the concept of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) was developed and published in 2014. However, the definition of cryptogenic stroke did not meet the operational criteria necessary to define patient populations for randomized treatment trials. Ischaemic strokes have traditionally been classified according to the TOAST criteria, in which strokes with unclear aetiology are classified as cryptogenic strokes.